Presenter: Claire Maes, Professor, University of Tübingen, Germany
Claire Maes is Assistant Professor at the Department of Indology at the Institute of Asian and Oriental Studies of the University of Tübingen, Germany. She specializes in both historical and contemporary Jainism, as well as early Indian Buddhism. Her current research project focusses on the role of fasting in the Jain tradition, with a special focus on the Jain practice of fasting to death or sallekhanā.
Sallekhana and Asceticism in Jain Texts
In one group of Jain texts, sallekhanā (the fast to death) forms the apex of ascetic practice. It concludes the exemplary life of a Jain who, seeking to embody dharma to perfection, applies himself to long and tedious forms of asceticism. Compared to the Buddhist tradition of ancient India, Jains are often characterized as being more extreme. No matter the ascetic practice, Jains always seem to have gone one step further. Where Buddhists would eat meat, Jains adopted a vegetarian diet. Where Buddhist monks shaved their head, Jain ascetics plucked out their hair. Where Buddhist monastics ultimately rejected the ascetic practice of nakedness, some Jain groups made it their quintessential practice. These distinctions between early Buddhist monks and Jain ascetics are well documented. By contrast, the scholarly literature on Indian asceticism lacks critical examinations of the particular type of ascetic practices leading to sallekhanā. To start filling this gap, I will analyze in this lecture the story of Skandaka, as recounted in the Viyāhapannatti (Bhagavaī). I will focus on the series of increasingly
challenging ascetic practices that Skandaka completed before adopting the vow of sallekhanā. By doing so, I will argue for the interconnectedness between the refinement of moral virtues, the purification of the soul, and the disciplining of the body that, in the process, changes radically.